Overwhelmingly, research that’s relevant to human eating patterns shows us that E171 is safe when ingested normally through foods and drugs (1,2).

There is some evidence that ingested titanium dioxide does not completely exit the body. A 2015 review of animal studies and a few human studies suggests titanium dioxide can get absorbed into the bloodstream and expose other organs to damage.

The RGB LED panel was made ad hoc, and configured for solar simulation white light (including the absorption spectra of the nanoparticles: 390–410). No heat was detected at the working distance. The retina of the albino male Wistar rats were not affected under these conditions, because the intensity and time of the applied irradiation was lower than the regular fluorescent lamp bulb in the room (216.65 W/m2) [34].